Objective and Background: The growth and expansion of early residential nuclei have led to the formation of heterogeneous neighborhoods consisting of context with a minimum standard of construction for low-income residents and a new quality context with more affluent residents. As a result, they have residents with different socioeconomic and even cultural backgrounds living together over time. The formation of these complexes in different parts of Tehran has caused social, psychological, and physical problems in the residential environment, ultimately affecting the residents’ quality of life. On the other hand, in recent decades, “ diversity” has found a special place in urban planning. Some views suggest that diversity is an essential component of equitable urban development. Variety can take many forms (racial, income, physical, functional, etc. ). There are at least a few heterogeneous neighborhoods in each city. Variety in residential neighborhoods, which are heterogeneous in terms of socioeconomic class, can lead to different judgments between different groups. In heterogeneous neighborhoods, the external perception of the adjacent residential environment leads to misjudgments, which may lead to interaction or, conversely, to separate groups from each other. Thus, creating a healthy environment in a heterogeneous context has become a significant and serious issue. According to numerous studies in the field of heterogeneous neighborhoods, external judgments are based on objective and subjective factors of texture. So far, the identification and prioritization factors of housing and residential environment quality during the perception and judgment of outsiders in such neighborhoods have not been addressed. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate the factors influencing the external judgment of an adjacent neighborhood and the effect of the socio-economic class of individuals on the prioritization of these perceived factors in a heterogeneous context. According to the mentioned issue, this research aims to identify and prioritize the physical and social factors of the heterogeneous neighborhood by the perception of the residents. Methods: This study uses an applied research design. This article uses a survey method to measure the social and physical factors influencing the judgment of outsiders about their adjacent neighborhoods. The study area is Hassanabad-Zargandeh neighborhood, where two old and new contexts are located next to each other, providing accommodation for different classes of people. In this community, two groups of 250 people with different socio-economic class were selected in a poorly developed civilian and non-randomly affluent texture. 500 questionnaires were distributed among the study population to extract the funds and characteristics of housing quality and the residential environment from documentary and library studies and in the survey. Then, using the factor analysis method and the help of SPSS 24 software, the factors affecting external judgment in a heterogeneous context were discovered and prioritized. With this analysis, the views of different groups of residents and their evaluation methods on the objective and subjective characteristics of the neighborhood were obtained. Findings: According to the research findings, the residents’ priorities in their judgments are different from the housing and residential environment of the adjacent neighborhood. Accordingly, when perceiving and judging the adjacent housing and residential environment, the higher socio-economic status group pays attention to the factors of passway, open and private green space, facade, combination of uses, security, material, and details. The lower socio-economic status group pays attention to the security, faç ade, perceptual density, spatial quality, passway, access to facilities, and socio-cultural factor in their judgments. Conclusion: In the perception of a complex, higher socio-economic status group prioritizes physical factors over non-physical ones and pays more attention to them. It can be said that objective factors are more important for this group than subjective factors. Therefore, it is necessary to improve the diversity, architecture, and physical housing of the lower socio-economic status group to reduce the negative judgment of the affluent residents. Because in heterogeneous neighborhoods, paying attention to the attitude and tendency of the upper class to coexist with the lower class is more decisive. According to the visual and social disruptions, the different social classes, the place of residence, and ignoring how housing factors and residential environment are valued can cause negative labeling between a group (especially the affluent group to the lower class group), leading to tension and disintegration of a heterogeneous society. It is necessary to pay attention to these perceptual priorities in the planning and policymaking of heterogeneous urban contexts in order to make the coexistence of groups possible.

Introduction: Diversity is an important part of fair city development. But what happens in heterogeneous neighborhoods due to the proximity of different socioeconomic groups is social judgment and comparison based on objective aspects of individuals, this perception is based on an assessment of neighbors which affect inhabitant’ s self-esteem. The purpose of this study is investigating the effect of external perception of the residential environment quality in heterogeneous neighborhoods on residents' self-esteem. Method: The method is descriptive-analytic and attempts to fin the correlation between factors in the form of a model. So, two groups of 250 people with the different socioeconomic class were selected randomly from the Hessenabad-Zargandeh heterogeneous neighborhood to judging the physical and human factors of the neighborhoods. Using path analysis and regression, direct and indirect effects of variables on the resident’ s self-esteem were investigated. Results: The results show that in lower-socio-economic neighborhoods, the external perception of the integrity and social status of residents, the characteristics of passage and open space, and the green private housing, with mediators determining the public and social self-esteem of residents Is. But in neighborhoods with higher socioeconomic levels, external perception of access to facilities and services, a facade of the building, perceptual density and voice conditions with mediators affects the public and social self-esteem of the residents. Conclusion: Therefore, it is necessary to pay more attention to these physical and human factors when planning and developing heterogeneous neighborhoods for the mental health of the inhabitants, because external judgments are made accordingly and effect their social contact.

A B S T R A C TThe present study was conducted to investigate the factors affecting improving the quality of urban housing. This research is applied in terms of purpose and in terms of descriptive-analytical method. The statistical population of the research was the residents of 8 residential complexes of Atabak neighborhood in District 15 of Tehran. Based on Cochran's formula, 384 questionnaires were distributed among residents. Finally, 380 complete and error-free questionnaires were collected. The data collection tool was a questionnaire, the validity of which was verified in the form of face and face validity, as well as divergent validity and reliability of the questionnaire using Cronbach's alpha and composite reliability. Analysis of data and information was done using SPSS and PLS software. The findings of this research showed physical quality with a path coefficient of 0.368, the variable of access to urban services with a path coefficient of 0.339, the variable of housing social conditions with a path coefficient of 0.169, and environmental quality with a path coefficient of 0.302 has a positive and significant impact on housing quality. According to the path coefficient obtained for the research variables, the amount of their impact on housing quality is evaluated as average. Among the identified factors, the factor of physical quality with a path coefficient of 0.368 has the most significant impact, and the factor of access to urban services with a path coefficient of 0.339 is ranked second. Also, this factor has a positive and significant effect on the physical quality factor of housing.Extended AbstractIntroductionAtabak neighborhood is one of the neighborhoods of District 15 of Tehran. In this neighborhood, physical changes have been made according to the interventions of the Tehran municipality in line with the implementation of the urban landscape plan and organized (inflow of private sector capital) in different years so far. Along with these interventions, the inadequacy of infrastructure and services to meet the population's needs has become this neighborhood's basic problem. Attention to its qualitative aspect needs to be addressed. This matter is important from the point of view of providing the city's basic needs, equitable distribution of facilities and resources, reducing urban inequalities, improving economic-social indicators, preventing unbridled and unplanned expansion, and ultimately improving the quality of life of the people. It demands that the quality of housing and the factors affecting it be evaluated and that a double effort be made to improve it, and it can provide a suitable context for providing suitable models of housing quality for citizens. Considering the mentioned cases, this research aims to answer the question:- What are the effective factors in improving the quality of housing? MethodologyThe current research is descriptive-analytical. In terms of purpose, it is in the category of applied research. Two library and field methods have collected the information needed for this research. In the field method, primary data collection has been done according to the research questions by designing a 5-scale Likert scale questionnaire. The statistical population of the study was the residents of Mobaat, Minabi, Atabek, Shahrak Sajjadieh, Yas, Zahid Gilani, Shahid Asadi, and Safa residential complexes located in Atabak neighborhood of District 15 of Tehran. The statistical population was equal to 20469 people, and based on Cochran's formula, 384 questionnaires were distributed among residents. Finally, 380 complete and error-free questionnaires were collected; the validity of the questionnaire was confirmed in the form of face and face validity as well as divergent validity. In order to check the reliability of the questionnaire, Cronbach's alpha and combined reliability were used, and according to the results presented in the research findings section, the reliability of the questionnaire was confirmed. The data obtained from this research were analyzed using structural modeling using SPSS and PLS software. Results and discussion This research showed that physical quality has a positive and significant effect on improving housing quality; according to the value of the obtained path coefficient, which is equal to 0.368, the value of this effect is considered moderate. Based on the results, it can be said that physical dimensions, such as the physical crystallization of housing, are the most objective and material issues in housing evaluation, analysis, and planning. Concerning the impact of access to urban services on the quality of housing, the findings indicated a significant impact of access to urban services. In explaining the results of this section, it can be said that gradually, the housing is changing from a single purpose to a shelter. Those other aspects of welfare and social comfort are also added; the limits of enjoying services and access to the essentials of life are shown to evaluate the housing quality. These indicators are very important in determining housing quality and are an integral part of housing planning. Access to urban housing services is considered one of the main indicators of life, which the Population Crisis Committee has used to measure quality in the world's metropolises. In relation to social conditions and environmental quality on the quality of housing, the results of this research confirmed the impact of the social environment and environmental quality on the quality of housing. Creating residential spaces is a topic that has been discussed previously. From the beginning, human beings have tried to create a favorable living environment that matches the quality conditions of their residence's social and environmental environment. ConclusionThis research was written to explain the factors affecting improving the quality of urban housing. The findings of this research showed that among the studied factors, the physical quality factor with a path coefficient of 0.368 has the most significant impact on improving the quality of urban housing in Tehran, such that this factor can explain 13.5% of the variance of the housing quality condition variable. Physical quality is defined based on the structural basis of a building and is often defined in the form of rules and standards related to it. The physical quality is sometimes interpreted as the appearance of buildings. Since they are fixed and real things, they are the reason for the emergence of general indicators for housing evaluation. The second factor is access to urban services with a path coefficient of 0.339, so this factor can explain 11.4% of the variance of the housing quality condition variable. This factor has been ranked second regarding the impact on housing quality according to the path coefficient value obtained. In third place was the factor of environmental quality with the path coefficient value of 0.302, and this factor can explain 1.9% of the variance of the variable of housing quality. Moreover, in the last place is the factor of housing social conditions, which has a path coefficient of 0.196. Also, from the other results of this research, we can mention the positive effect of access to the quality of urban services on the improvement of the physical condition of housing, and the value of the path coefficient obtained for this effect is equal to 0.623 so that it is 38.8% of the variance of the variable. FundingThere is no funding support. Authors’ ContributionThe authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approthe contenttent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of InterestThe authors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.

Extended abstract:Introduction:Zanjan is one of the historic cities of Iran with rapid urbanization. Now its old and historic neighborhoods have been turned into the deteriorated textures. The problems of those neighborhoods have not been solved through projects and programs in urban scale. Hence, this is required to consider the issues in the neighborhood scale to solve them. One of the old neighborhoods of Zanjan city is Hosseinieh neighborhood faced with many physical and socioeconomical problems. So far, the city plans have failed to help properly this area revitalization.Hence, the problems need to be solved by the neighborhood and community planning. Researchers such as Watts (2006), Dixon (2011), Colton (2012), Hajipour (2006), The Salek (2007), Rafieapour (2009), Masoumi (2011), Madani (2012) and Rakhtabnak (2014) have used the concept of neighborhood planning and community development in recent years. In this study, we have tried to answer these questions: 1. what is the relationship between community planning and community sustainable development? 2. What is the relationship between the local community participation and sustainable neighborhoods? 3. What is the impact of local planning initiatives and the participation of the local community on sustainable development in the Hosseinieh neighborhood.

Today, the social aspects of the cities has been considered by the urban planning experts and has a great importance. The history of urban planning shows a promotion of its programs from a simply skeletal view to a multi-dimensional one, which includes all dimensions. Further, the neighborhood has been one of the tools in urban planning throughout the twentieth century to overcome the urban problems and has been considered from different views. In fact, Neighborhoods are now more social and cultural units than of geographical and skeletal units, therefore, are considered as more reliable units in urban planning. Due to the significance of social dimensions in urban planning, the present study attempts to investigate identity in neighborhoods and analyzes the factors contributing to the formation of identity in them. Because these factors constitute a vital potential source for sustainable development and guarantee the permanence of development indices. Based on field studies, and employing a descriptive-analytic model, the present study investigates the factor of identity in Fakhrabad neighborhood in Shiraz. The data were analyzed using SPSS Software through Chi Square Test, Phi and Cramer Coefficient, and Landa Coefficient. The results show that social-cultural variables have a high correlation with identity with marginal deviation, and that Fakhrabad neighborhood has achieved relative success in providing sustainability in the neighborhood.

Following the changes in conditions and factors affecting urban expansion and urban development in recent years, residential neighborhoods have had special positions in the formation of cities. While sustainable urban development is now a major part of the literature review in urban planning, its aspects have not yet been fully examined at the level of neighborhood. This paper examines the evolution of Narmak neighborhood in Tehran as one of the planned sustainable neighborhoods of the city. The paper raises several questions and concerns about the expansion of new neighborhoods without considering sustainability criteria. The definition of neighborhood varies in different societies and cultures. Population is a basic indicator for the recognition of a neighborhood. Traditionally, neighborhoods have had population between 5,000 to 10,000 persons. However, there are many neighborhoods with population much higher than what traditionally known. For example, there are many such neighborhoods in Tehran, such as Yoosefabad, Narmak, Tehranpars, Beryanak and Gisha.Tehran is one of the largest cities of the world, with population of some 10 millions. Tehran spatial structure confronts many constraints for its future development. It is growing very rapidly, confronting many problems such as pollution, traffic congestion, and provision of infrastructure and public facilities. Narmak neighborhood is one of the earliest planned residential developments in the eastern part of Tehran, planned, designed and developed fifty years ago. The plan of Narmak neighborhood has worked fairly until now. It is known as an identified neighborhood. It can be said that Narmak has been a sustainable neighborhood, based on various principles and criteria, including its stable population.This study used empirical data and information through a, questionnaire method. The questions were organized based on economic, social, cultural, environmental and physical factors and indicators. Various housing blocks were chosen for the study and 100 questioners were completed. The research shows some important findings.Over 35% of the residents have lived in the neighborhood more than 30 years. Although the neighborhood is now an old texture, it has not confronted emigration problem, similar to many other old neighborhoods. Basic principles and criteria can be found in Narmak neighborhood, including identity, vitality, diversity, accessibility, provision of public facilities and security. Over 55% of the residents enjoy their living in Narmak. Over 59% of residents do not want change their neighborhood. In other words, the neighborhood can respond the needs of its residents. Over 95% of residents are satisfied with education facilities, 60% with heath facilities and 57% with sport facilities.Presently, new neighborhoods are shaped through the complex interaction between market forces, public investment and regulation. Increasing housing demand and need, the ideas of compacts cities and the necessity of density increase, the spatial distribution of population, the consumption of land per person, and the pattern of daily trips within cities, are some important issues affecting urban form.The new neighborhoods' survival depends on finding solutions to emerging problems. However, the most important problem and anxiety can be the subject of carrying capacity. Although increasing construction and population density in recent years can be assessed as a policy toward sustainability, it has resulted in considerable problems. The policy of density increase needs several requirements, including the provision of infrastructure and public facilities. Based on this approach, carrying capacity should be seriously considered towards establishment sustainable neighborhoods.

Let G be a simple graph with vertex set {n1, n2, … , nn}. The common neighborhood graph of G, denoted by con (G), is a graph with vertex set {n1, n2, … , nn}, in which two vertices are adjacent if and only if they have at least one common neighbor in the graph G. In this paper, we compute the common neighborhood of some composite graphs. In continue, we investigate the relation between hamiltonicity of graph G and con (G). Also, we obtain a lower bound for the clique number of con (G) in terms of clique number of graph G. Finally we state that the total chromatic number of G is bounded by chromatic number of con (T(G)).

The use of agent-based models on the heterogeneous behavior of agents has expanded considerably over the past years. This paper investigates the model based on the behavior of agents and considers the heterogeneity of agent models. In this study, we examine the effect of different forming of individuals' expectations on macroeconomic variables and the re-distributional effects of monetary policy. This paper revisit the transmission mechanism from monetary policy to household consumption in a Heterogeneous Agent New Keynesian (HANK) model. The model yields empirically realistic distributions of wealth and marginal propensities to consume because of two features: uninsurable income shocks and multiple assets with different degrees of liquidity and different returns. In this model, the indirect effects of an unexpected monetary policy, which operate through a general equilibrium increase in labor demand, far outweigh direct effects such as intertemporal substitution. This finding is in Representative Agent New Keynesian (RANK) economies, where the substitution channel drives virtually all of the transmission from monetary policy to consumption then failure of Ricardian equivalence implies that, in HANK models, the fiscal reaction to the monetary expansion is a key determinant of the overall size of the macroeconomic response. The results indicate that under discretionary circumstances, the attempt of the monetary authority to redistribute wealth to the borrower's households, which have a higher utility of net wealth than the other households, leads to changes in inflationary biases. However, under commitment circumstances, this inflationary pressure will be offset by changes in expectations for future inflation over time.